The use of logic as the basis for program development is motivated by the possibilities it offers for achieving greater program correctness. Mar 16, 2009 download free book logic, programming and prolog 2nd edition by by ulf nilsson and jan maluszynski in pdf format. It is designed primarily for students, computer scientists, and, more generally, for mathematically inclined readers interested in the formalization of proofs and. Chapter 2 is concerned with the procedural semantics oc logic programs. In chapter 10 the last chapter, a brief presentation of manysorted. From logic to logic programming foundations of computing. The resolution rule in propositional logic is a single valid inference rule that produces a new clause implied by two clauses containing complementary literals. No other book treats this material in such detail and with such sophistication. Logic for computer scientistspredicate logicstrategies for. From logic to logic programming by kees doets, 9780262041423, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. The sld resolution proof theory for the prolog family of logic programming languages is well knpwn.
There is for practical purposes only one working programming language, prolog, that can be considered as a significant realization of the logic programming paradigm. Multi sld resolution is a variant of sld resolution based on a simple idea let the allowed constraints be closed under disjunction, and provide a mechanism for collecting solutions to a goal and. The second part introduces the main concepts of ilp and systematically develops the most important results on model inference, inverse resolution, unfolding, refinement operators, least generalizations, and ways to. Topics include propositional logic and its resolution, firstorder logic, gentzens cut elimination theorem and applications, and gentzens sharpened hauptsatz and herbrands theorem. The main results of this chapter concern the soundness and completeness oc sldresolution and the independence oc the computation rule. We propose a direct proof theoretic account for logic programming.
This book is not primarily intended to be a theoretical handbook on logic programming. We propose an sld resolution proof procedure and we demonstrate that it is sound and complete with respect to this semantics. Inverse resolution inverts the sldresolution proof procedure for definite programs. Mathematical logic, important in formal methods of software development and in arti. Natural deduction proof theory for logic programming. Sldresolution, logic programming, and the foundations of prolog. Most of the book is devoted to an overview of the foil system and how it can be implemented to do practical inductive logic programming. Logic for computer science provides an introduction to mathematical logic, with emphasis on proof theory and procedures for constructing formal proofs of formulae algorithmically. Firstorder logic allow the representation of entities also called objects and their properties, and relations among such entities more expressive than propositional logic. Logic, programming and prolog by ulf nilsson, jan maluszynski. Logic for computer science foundations of automatic. It is shown that sldresolution is a sound and complete computational proof procedure for logic programs.
Multisld resolution is a variant of sld resolution based on a simple idea let the allowed constraints be closed under disjunction, and provide a mechanism for collecting solutions to. In this paper, which extends a shorter history of logic programming lp in the. Mathematical logic for computer science is a mathematics textbook, just as a. Chapter 3 explores sld resolution and describes the procedural interpretation of logic problems. Horn clauses of firstorder predicate logic can be regarded as a highlevel programming language when sld resoluuon, a specialpurpose resolution theorem prover, is used as interpreter. Computations and answers programming with sldresolution 31. Logic for computer scientistspredicate logicstrategies. Solutions to exercises on logic programming and prolog. Prolog experiments in discrete mathematics, logic, and. This observation suggests a first way of unifying functional programming and logic programming. It also discusses the causal dependence between various concepts and notions and presents the notion of sld resolution, which is central to the subject of logic programming. From what i understood so far ist that resolution or full resolution is the general inference rule developed for automating proofs with formal logic and the general mechanism of prolog. Sldresolution is more flexible than slresolution restricted to horn clauses.
In the first part, a thorough treatment of firstorder logic, resolution based theorem proving, and logic programming is given. This book gives an account oc the mathematical coundations oc logic. It is a refinement of resolution, which is both sound and refutation complete for horn. This is a pdf copy of the book that was published between 1994 and 2007 by john. This is a book that presents logic programming paradigm in very modern, clear and concise way.
An introduction to logic programming through prolog. Numerous problems appear throughout the book, and two appendixes provide practical background information. We begin with the resolution procedures that influenced the definition of sldresolution, the procedure upon which prolog is built. Major logic programming language families include prolog, answer set programming asp and datalog. Sld resolution symbolic logic and logic processing. Chapter 4 covers the semantics of logic programs, or declarative interpretation, explaining what it is that these programs. A literal is a propositional variable or the negation of a propositional variable. Solutions to exercises on logic programming and prolog the superscript d stands for difficult. Pat hayes and i had been working in edinburgh on a book hayes and kowal.
A fixpoint semantics and an sldresolution calculus for modal logic programs. Prolog and natural language analysis provides a concise and. Download free book logic, programming and prolog 2nd edition by by ulf nilsson and jan maluszynski in pdf format. It then culminates in a discussion of sld resolution, prologs main vehicle of computation, and ends off with a concise discussion of manysorted first order logic a first order logic incorporating types. Msc module cs612 automated reasoning prolog, resolution and logic programming alan williams room 2. In traditional experimental laboratories, there are many different tools that are used to perform various experiments. The declarative concepts are implemented by means oc a specialized corm oc resolution, called sldresolution. We present the derivation reduction problem for sldresolution, the undecidable problem of finding a finite subset of a set of clauses from which the whole set can be derived using sldresolution. The declarative concepts are implemented by means oc a specialized corm oc resolution, called sld resolution. The field of logic programming is fortunate in being well served by many excellent books covering virtually every aspect of the subject, including its theory, applications and programming. We propose an sldresolution proof procedure and we demonstrate that it is sound and complete with respect to this semantics.
It is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains. We study the reducibility of various fragments of secondorder horn logic with particular applications in inductive logic programming. The extended syntactic forms of these languages, however, distance them from the horn language required by sld resolution. Two extensions of sld resolution based on eunification are presented, and rigorous. Sldresolution describes the operational semantics of definite programs.
The chapter presents a selfcontained introduction to the theory of logic programming. The relevance of horn clauses to theorem proving by firstorder resolution is that the resolution of two horn clauses is a horn clause. We propose a modal logic programming language called mprolog, which is as expressive as the general modal horn fragment. Jul 30, 2017 logic, programming and prolog 2ed by ulf nilsson and jan maluszynski 294 pages the main objective of logic, programming and prolog is to provide a uniform account of both the foundations of logic programming and simple programming techniques in the programming language prolog. Intelligent reasoning by example personal pages for staff. Exercises similar to those marked with d might appear in candidacy exams, but not in the standard exams of cse 428. Each implementation of logic programming includes such a strategy as a central component for example, many implementations of the logic programming language prolog use a strategy known as sld resolution with depth. We develop semantics for modal logic programs in basic serial multimodal logics, which are parameterized by an arbitrary combination of generalized versions of axioms t, b, 4, 5 in the form, e. The book does not contain description of any particular logic programming language, but gives mathematical foundations of logic programming, such as, herbrand interpretations, unification, resolution, sldnfresolution, the least herbrand models and. Whilst this strategy is not the most powerful one, it is relatively easy to implement e. A fixpoint semantics and an sldresolution calculus for. Free pdf download logic, programming and prolog 2nd.
We give a fixpoint semantics and an sld resolution calculus for mprolog in. In this way, we extend the familiar proof theory of rstorder logic programming to apply. The flow and writing in doing so, are really exemplary. Sld resolution, logic programming, and the foundations of prolog. The book does not contain description of any particular logic programming language, but gives mathematical foundations of logic programming, such as, herbrand interpretations, unification, resolution, sldnfresolution, the least herbrand models and fixpoints, computability. It is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains elegant versions and proofs of the fundamental theorems and lemmas in the proof theory of logic programming.
It is certainly not the purpose of this book to suggest that logic programming, interesting and powerful though it may be. Then we have the linear resolution, the selective linear sl resolution and the sld resolution. Prolog is a highlevel programming language based on the concept of. Prolog, resolution and logic programming department of.
Chapter 2 discusses substitution and unifications robinsons algorithm, for example. Sld resolution selective linear definite clause resolution is the basic inference rule used in logic programming. Two literals are said to be complements if one is the negation of the other in the following. This mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, firstorder, and horn clause logics, together with an analysis of the semantic aspects of the method. Select literal, linear resolution, definite clauses. Nor is it intended to be a book on advanced prolog programming or on constraint logic programming. Question about resolution, linear resolution, sl resolution. Studying logic programming is a good introduction to mathematical logic. Logic programming is a programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. Soundness and completeness of nonclassical extended sldresolution. Any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. The main results of this chapter concern the soundness and completeness oc sld resolution and the independence oc the computation rule. The prolog programming language is the tool used for the experiments in this book. A fixpoint semantics and an sldresolution calculus for modal.
Sld resolution is the basic inference rule used in logic programming. Part of the lecture notes in computer science book series lncs, volume 1050. Soundness and completeness of nonclassical extended sld. It is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book. The study of proof procedures that are useful in artificial intelligence would require a large book so we focus on proof procedures that relate to logic programming. Negation in logic programming discusses the use of negation in logic programming. Foundations of inductive logic programming springerlink. Free pdf download logic, programming and prolog 2nd edition. It is a refinement of resolution, which is both sound and refutation complete for horn clauses. Sldresolution reduction of secondorder horn fragments. We consider an extensional higherorder logic programming language which possesses the minimum herbrand model property. The chapter also introduces some controversial builtin predicates available in most prolog implementations. Logic programming is most commonly understood in a restricted sense, namely, programming with horn clauses and sld resolution. An sldresolution calculus for basic serial multimodal logics.
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